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limits of law

  • 1 limits of law

    Юридический термин: пределы закона

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > limits of law

  • 2 limits of law

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > limits of law

  • 3 floor limits

    English-Russian base dictionary > floor limits

  • 4 set limits to

    English-Russian base dictionary > set limits to

  • 5 within the limits

    English-Russian base dictionary > within the limits

  • 6 joint limits

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > joint limits

  • 7 method of limits

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > method of limits

  • 8 within the limits of

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > within the limits of

  • 9 within whose limits

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > within whose limits

  • 10 composition limits

    The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > composition limits

  • 11 within the limits of the law

    Юридический термин: в рамках закона (англ. оборот взят из статьи в International Herald Tribune)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > within the limits of the law

  • 12 limit

    1) лимит; предел
    2) граница | ограничивать
    •
    - limits of justifiable defence
    - limits of law
    - limits of prison
    - age limit
    - exemption limit
    - jurisdictional limits
    - legal drinking limit
    - outer limit
    - prison limits
    - three-mile limit
    - tidal limit
    - time limit

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > limit

  • 13 within

    wɪˈðɪn
    1. предл.
    1) выражает отношения места в, в пределах;
    внутри
    2) выражает предел а) не дальше чем, в пределах б) не позднее;
    в течение (временной предел) в) с точностью до (предел точности)
    2. нареч.;
    уст. внутри (о месте, душе, мыслях)
    3. сущ. внутренняя сторона, часть( редкое) находящийся внутри (конверта, пакета и т. п.) - the * complaint прилагаемая (к письму) жалоба - revolt from * протест внутри страны( устаревшее) (книжное) внутри;
    с внутренней стороны - he whitewashed the walls * and without он побелил стены внутри и снаружи - the door was bolted * дверь была заперта с внутренней стороны /изнутри/ - those apples are rotten * эти яблоки внутри гнилые - "Rooms for Rent. Inquire W." "Сдаются комнаты. Справляться здесь" (объявление) в душе, в мыслях - to be pure * быть чистым душой - to keep one's thoughts * таить свои мысли - he was outwardly calm, but raging * внешне он был спокоен, но в душе у него все кипело театр за сценой в грам. знач. сущ.: внутренняя часть( чего-л.) - the * of the box is red ящик внутри красный указывает на нахождение внутри какого-л. предмета или в пределах какого-л. ограниченного пространства: в, внутри - * the house в доме, внутри - * the city в черте города - * the country в пределах страны - * the walls of в стенах - * four walls в четырех стенах;
    тайно, секретно в рамках какой-л. организации и т. п., в - * the committee в комитете настроение, душевное состояние и т. п.: в душе, в уме, у - hope sprang * him у него появилась надежда - a voice * me said внутренний голос мне говорил - his heart sank * him у него упало сердце - * oneself в душе - he though * himself that... он подумал про себя, что... распространение или нахождение в определенных пределах: не дальше чем, в пределах - * a few miles of London в нескольких милях от Лондона - * a radius of ten miles в радиусе десяти миль - * hearing /call/ в пределах слышимости - * sight в пределах видимости - * reach /range/ в пределах досягаемости - * striking range( военное) в пределах досягаемости (для нанесения удара) - are we * walking distance of N.? можно ли отсюда дойти пешком до N.? - * a mile of the station на расстоянии примерно в одну милю от станции ограничение определенными предметами: в пределах, в рамках - * reason в разумных пределах - * (the) jurisdiction (of) в пределах юрисдикции - * (the) law в рамках закона - to keep * the law придерживаться закона, не выходить из рамок закона - to live /to keep/ * one's means жить по средствам - to come * smb.'s duties входить в чьи-л. обязанности - keep * the speed limit! не превышай(те) установленной скорости! - the task is * his powers задача ему по силам временной предел: в течение;
    не позднее (чем) ;
    за - * a week в течение недели, до конца недели - you must answer * three days вы должны ответить в течение трех дней /в трехдневный срок/ - an order to vacate the premises * twenty-four hours приказ освободить помещение в двадцать четыре часа - the letters came * a few days of each other письма приходили одно за другим с промежутками в несколько дней - * a year of his death (меньше, чем) за год до его смерти;
    (меньше, чем) через год после его смерти предел точности: с точностью до, почти - he will tell you your weight * a pound он определит ваш вес с точностью до (одного) фунта - they are * a few months of the same age разница в возрасте между ними всего в несколько месяцев в сочетаниях: - * one's right(s) по праву - * oneself в пределах своих возможностей;
    независимый - to run well * oneself бежать без напряжения - * an inch of death на волосок от смерти - * an ace of на волосок от - he was * an ace of death он чуть не погиб come ~ подпадать под to come ~ the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции;
    to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона ~ внутренняя сторона;
    the door opens from within дверь открывается изнутри within prep в, внутри;
    within the building внутри дома;
    hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда ~ уст. внутри;
    to stay within оставаться дома;
    is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? ~ prep в, в пределах;
    within sight в пределах видимости;
    it is true within limits до известной степени верно ~ уст. внутри;
    to stay within оставаться дома;
    is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? ~ уст. внутри;
    to stay within оставаться дома;
    is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? within prep в, внутри;
    within the building внутри дома;
    hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда ~ prep в, в пределах;
    within sight в пределах видимости;
    it is true within limits до известной степени верно ~ внутренняя сторона;
    the door opens from within дверь открывается изнутри ~ уст. внутри;
    to stay within оставаться дома;
    is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? ~ prep не далее( как), не позднее;
    в течение;
    within a year в течение года;
    через год ~ prep не далее (как), не позднее;
    в течение;
    within a year в течение года;
    через год ~ prep в, в пределах;
    within sight в пределах видимости;
    it is true within limits до известной степени верно within prep в, внутри;
    within the building внутри дома;
    hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > within

  • 14 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 15 PEL

    1) Общая лексика: Pre-Enrolment Learning
    2) Медицина: primary effusion lymphoma
    3) Американизм: Postgraduate Education Loans
    4) Военный термин: permissible exposure limit, personnel licensing
    6) Политика: закон о выборах в Верховный Совет (Parliamentary Election Law), закон о парламентских выборах
    7) Телекоммуникации: Picture Element
    8) Сокращение: Portable Event Logger, (Plan Epargne Logement (French: Housing Savings Plan)) Жилищный сберегательный план
    10) Фирменный знак: Professional Employee Leasing, Inc., Purple Emu, LTD.
    12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: permissible explosive limit, probable effect level, допустимые уровни воздействия (вредных производственных факторов, permissible exposure limits), допустимые уровни воздействия вредных производственных факторов (Permissible Exposure Limits)
    14) Химическое оружие: permissible emission limit
    15) Расширение файла: Picture Element (IBM)
    16) Электротехника: percentage energy loss index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PEL

  • 16 Pel

    1) Общая лексика: Pre-Enrolment Learning
    2) Медицина: primary effusion lymphoma
    3) Американизм: Postgraduate Education Loans
    4) Военный термин: permissible exposure limit, personnel licensing
    6) Политика: закон о выборах в Верховный Совет (Parliamentary Election Law), закон о парламентских выборах
    7) Телекоммуникации: Picture Element
    8) Сокращение: Portable Event Logger, (Plan Epargne Logement (French: Housing Savings Plan)) Жилищный сберегательный план
    10) Фирменный знак: Professional Employee Leasing, Inc., Purple Emu, LTD.
    12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: permissible explosive limit, probable effect level, допустимые уровни воздействия (вредных производственных факторов, permissible exposure limits), допустимые уровни воздействия вредных производственных факторов (Permissible Exposure Limits)
    14) Химическое оружие: permissible emission limit
    15) Расширение файла: Picture Element (IBM)
    16) Электротехника: percentage energy loss index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pel

  • 17 pel

    1) Общая лексика: Pre-Enrolment Learning
    2) Медицина: primary effusion lymphoma
    3) Американизм: Postgraduate Education Loans
    4) Военный термин: permissible exposure limit, personnel licensing
    6) Политика: закон о выборах в Верховный Совет (Parliamentary Election Law), закон о парламентских выборах
    7) Телекоммуникации: Picture Element
    8) Сокращение: Portable Event Logger, (Plan Epargne Logement (French: Housing Savings Plan)) Жилищный сберегательный план
    10) Фирменный знак: Professional Employee Leasing, Inc., Purple Emu, LTD.
    12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: permissible explosive limit, probable effect level, допустимые уровни воздействия (вредных производственных факторов, permissible exposure limits), допустимые уровни воздействия вредных производственных факторов (Permissible Exposure Limits)
    14) Химическое оружие: permissible emission limit
    15) Расширение файла: Picture Element (IBM)
    16) Электротехника: percentage energy loss index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pel

  • 18 set

    [set] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. set
    1)
    а) ставить, класть

    She set a tray down on the table. — Она поставила поднос на стол.

    I set the basket against the door. — Я поставил корзину рядом с дверью.

    He set down his knife and fork. — Он отложил нож и вилку.

    Why don't you set your chair forward to get a better view? — Почему бы тебе не придвинуть стул немного вперёд, чтобы лучше видеть?

    The chair was set apart from the others for the special guest. — Один стул поставили отдельно, для особого гостя.

    She was reading a book, but set it by when the telephone rang. — Она читала книгу, но отложила её, когда зазвонил телефон.

    Syn:
    put 1., place 2.
    б) обычно страд. размещать, располагать

    a medieval village set high on a hill — средневековая деревушка, расположенная на высоком холме

    The house is set in fifty acres of parkland. — Дом располагается на территории в пятьдесят акров, посреди парка.

    в) разворачиваться, происходить (о действии книги, фильма или спектакля)

    The novel is set in London in the 1960s. — Действие романа разворачивается в Лондоне 1960-х годов.

    2) сажать, усаживать
    Syn:
    seat 2.

    to set smth. on end — поставить что-л. вверх ногами, поставить на попа

    to set smth. upright — поднять что-л. вертикально, поставить стоймя

    а) настраивать против (кого-л. / чего-л.)

    What have I ever done to set her against me? — Что же я такого сделал, что она так настроена против меня?

    б) быть категорически против (чего-л.), противиться (чему-л.)

    Mary's father was set against the marriage from the beginning. — Отец Мэри с самого начала был против этой свадьбы.

    to set smb. free — освобождать кого-л.

    to set a match to smth. — поджечь что-л. (спичкой)

    to set smb. laughing — рассмешить кого-л.

    to set smb. loose — отпустить кого-л.

    to set smth. on fire — поджечь что-л.; предать что-л. огню

    My age sets me beyond your cruelty. (W. Scott, The Castle Dangerous, 1831) — Мой возраст позволяет мне не бояться вашей жестокости.

    The leg should be set under anesthesia. — Ногу нужно обезболить.

    The news set her heart beating. — При этом известии у неё забилось сердце.

    The answer set the audience in a roar. — Услышав ответ, все присутствующие разразились хохотом.

    I must set the living room straight before the visitors arrive. — Я должен сделать уборку в комнате до приезда гостей.

    - set at bay
    - set at odds
    - set at ease
    - set at large
    - set in motion
    - set in operation
    - set in order
    - set smth. to rights
    - set smth. afoot
    - set aflame
    6) устанавливать, приводить в нужное положение, состояние (механизм, устройство); регулировать

    In spring we usually set the clocks ahead one hour. — Весной мы обычно переводим стрелки на час вперёд.

    My watch was fast so I set it back three minutes. — Мои часы спешили, поэтому я перевёл их на три минуты назад.

    She set the camera on automatic. — Она установила камеру на автоматический режим.

    Set the alarm for 7 o'clock. — Поставь будильник на 7 часов.

    Syn:
    7) укладывать ( волосы), делать укладку
    8)
    б) класть, помещать, ставить (еду, напитки)

    The table was set with refreshments. — Стол был уставлен закусками и напитками.

    9)
    а) оправлять, вставлять в оправу ( драгоценные камни)

    She had the sapphire set in a gold ring. — Она вставила свой сапфир в золотое кольцо.

    б) украшать, обрамлять ( драгоценными камнями)

    Her crown is set with precious jewels. — Её корона украшена драгоценными камнями.

    10) положить ( текст) на музыку, сочинить ( музыку) к тексту

    Schubert set many poems to music. — Шуберт положил на музыку множество стихотворений.

    11) ставить ( печать), скреплять ( печатью)
    12)
    а) = set down назначать, устанавливать, определять

    A price was set upon the head of the Prince. — За голову принца была назначена цена.

    The rate of interest is set at 111/2%. — Процентная ставка установлена в размере 111/2%.

    These price limits are set down by the government. — Ценовые ограничения установлены правительством.

    The limits of our nature are set, and we can never cross them. — Человеческая природа имеет свои пределы, и мы никогда не сможем преодолеть их.

    We have to set measures to our spending if we are to save for our old age. — Коль скоро нужно откладывать на старость, мы должны ограничить себя в тратах.

    б) = set down предписывать, устанавливать (правила, регламент и т. п.); формулировать ( закон)

    When our rules are once set, no Governor should offer to alter them. — Когда законы установлены, ни один правитель не должен пытаться их изменить.

    We had to set down rules for the behaviour of the members. — Мы должны были выработать правила поведения для членов организации.

    The law sets down that speed limits must be obeyed. — Закон гласит, что необходимо соблюдать ограничения скорости.

    в) страд. быть решённым, определённым, установленным
    13) ( set over) назначать (кого-л.) начальником, ставить (кого-л.) над (кем-л. / чем-л.)

    I've not been happy in the company since a new director was set over me. — Мне стало неуютно работать в этой компании с тех пор, как надо мной поставили нового начальника.

    14)
    а) оценивать, давать оценку

    After setting a just value upon others, I must next set it on myself. — После того, как я даю справедливую оценку другим, я должен затем оценить самого себя.

    I set her age at 33. — Я думал, что ей года тридцать три.

    His income can probably be set at $80,000 a year. — Его доход составляет приблизительно восемьдесят тысяч долларов в год.

    б) (set against / beside) сравнивать с (кем-л. / чем-л.)

    Setting the results against those of the last election, we can see a clear improvement. — Если сравнить нынешние результаты с результатами предыдущих выборов, можно увидеть значительное улучшение.

    We must set the cost against the advantages of the new invention. — Мы должны установить цену в соответствии с преимуществами нового изобретения.

    Money seems unimportant when set beside the joys of family life. — Деньги кажутся ничего не значащими по сравнению с радостями семейной жизни.

    15) расценивать (каким-л. образом), считать

    to set at defiance / naught / nought — ни во что не ставить, презирать

    to set smb. / smth. above smb. / smth. — считать (кого-л. / что-л.) важнее (кого-л. /чего-л.), ставить выше

    Tradition sets Wycliffe's birth in the year 1324. — Традиционно годом рождения Уиклифа считается 1324-й.

    Mother sets the needs of the family above her own interests. — Мама ставит интересы семьи выше своих собственных.

    16) ( set before) представлять, предлагать (кому-л.) на рассмотрение (факты, идею, предложение)

    Your suggestion will be set before the board of directors at their next meeting. — Ваше предложение будет обсуждаться на следующем заседании совета директоров.

    Syn:
    17) = set down назначать ( время)

    Two o'clock had been the hour set for the wedding. — Венчание было назначено на два часа.

    The club's opening day is set for April 22. — День открытия клуба назначен на 22 апреля.

    The trial has been set down for 13 April. — Слушания были назначены на 13 апреля.

    18) подавать ( пример); вводить (моду, стиль); создавать ( прецедент)

    to set a good / bad example to smb. — показывать хороший / дурной пример кому-л.

    His photographs set the standard for landscapes. — Его снимки стали эталоном пейзажной фотографии.

    The Genoese and Venetians set the models of these vessels. — Эти модели судов были впервые введены генуэзцами и венецианцами.

    19)
    а) ставить (задачу, цель и т. п.)

    I shall not set him anything to do. — Я не буду ставить перед ним никаких задач.

    б) брит. задавать (работу, задание и т. п.)

    to set smb. a (very) difficult / easy paper — предложить (очень) трудную / лёгкую контрольную (работу)

    The master was in the habit of setting lessons for the children to work upon at home after school hours. — Учитель обычно задавал детям уроки, которые они должны были делать дома после занятий.

    в) предлагать, предписывать (книгу, учебник и т. п.) для экзамена, курса обучения
    г) брит. готовить, составлять вопросы к экзамену

    The head teacher sets the questions for the English exam. — Директор школы готовит вопросы к экзамену по английскому языку.

    д) ( set before) предлагать (что-л. на выбор)

    The government has set two choices before the voter: to control wages and prices, or to suffer further increases in the cost of living. — Правительство поставило избирателей перед дилеммой: или регулирование зарплат и цен, или дальнейшее повышение прожиточного минимума.

    20) подносить, приближать
    21)
    а) направлять, сосредоточивать (мысль, волю, желание и т. п.)

    to set one's brain on / to smth. — сосредоточить мысль на чём-л.

    Tony tried to set his brain to listening. — Тони изо всех сил старался слушать.

    б) ( set to) = set oneself to засесть за ( работу), взяться, приняться за (что-л.)

    Find a spade and set to, there's a lot of work to do in the garden. — Возьми-ка лопату и принимайся за дело, в саду надо много сделать.

    22)
    а) дать затвердеть, схватиться (цементу, бетону, гипсу и т. п.)
    б) затвердевать, застывать; делаться густым, прочным; схватываться

    Leave the concrete to set for a few hours. — Оставьте бетон застывать на несколько часов.

    Let the pudding set. — Пусть пудинг затвердеет.

    Syn:
    23) становиться неподвижным (о лице, взгляде и т. п.)

    Her features had set themselves in sorrow. — Лицо её застыло в глубокой печали.

    24)
    а) стискивать, сжимать (зубы, губы)
    Syn:
    б) сжиматься, стискиваться (о зубах, губах)

    Helen's mouth set itself firmly as she thought of it. — Губы Элен плотно сжались, когда она вспомнила об этом.

    25) напрягаться, твердеть ( о мускулах)
    26)

    Dogs' bones soon set. — Кости у собак быстро срастаются.

    27) полигр.; = set up набирать

    We can't change any wording once the article is set up. — После того, как статья набрана, мы не можем изменить в ней ни слова.

    28)
    а) = set out высаживать ( саженцы), высевать ( семена)

    The young plants should be set out three inches apart. — Молодые растения надо высаживать, оставляя между ними промежутки в три дюйма.

    б) завязываться (о цветах, плодах)
    29) сажать ( хлеб) в печь
    30) поднимать, ставить ( паруса)

    There was no more canvas on the ship to set. — На судне больше не осталось парусов, которые можно было бы поставить.

    When under full sail this vessel sets 45,000 square feet of canvas. — На полном ходу это судно использует 45000 квадратных футов парусов.

    31) садиться, заходить (о солнце, луне); приближаться к закату, к концу (о жизни, славе и т. п.)

    His star has set. — Его звезда закатилась.

    Syn:
    decline 1., wane 2.
    32) определиться с направлением (о течении, ветре)
    33) уст. устанавливаться ( о погоде)

    The nights set very cold. — Ночи стали очень холодными.

    34)
    а) нести, увлекать в определённом направлении

    A breeze sprung up from the south-east, and set the ice so rapidly upon us. — С юго-востока налетел ветер и быстро погнал на нас льдины.

    б) иметь (определённую) тенденцию, направленность

    Her ambition did not set in the direction indicated. — Её стремления простирались в совсем другом направлении, нежели то, что было для неё намечено.

    в) направлять, поворачивать; вести

    He knew the path and could set us on it. — Он знал тропу и мог вести нас по ней.

    35)
    а) ( set on) натравливать, науськивать

    I'll set my dog on you if you don't leave at once! — Я на тебя своего пса спущу, если ты немедленно не уберёшься!

    They set dogs on us as though we were rats. — Они натравливали на нас собак, как будто мы были крысами.

    б) (set about / on) разг. напасть на (кого-л.); завязать драку с (кем-л.)

    The girl was set on by a thief in the park. — На девушку в парке напал грабитель.

    The three men set about him with their hands and boots. — На него напали три человека и начали бить руками и ногами.

    36) танцевать, повернувшись лицом к партнёру

    Set to your partner. — Повернитесь лицом к партнёру.

    37)
    б) сажать ( курицу) на яйца
    39) мор. пеленговать
    40) стр. производить кладку
    41) уст. размещать, расставлять (часовых, охрану и т. п.)

    How came he to leave the Castle after the watch was set? — Как ему удалось выбраться из замка, после того как была выставлена охрана?

    42) уст. вонзать (оружие, шпоры и т. п.)
    43) уст. точить (острые инструменты, особенно бритву); разводить ( пилу)
    44) диал.; ирон. подходить, соответствовать, быть к лицу
    Syn:
    •
    - set ahead
    - set apart
    - set aside
    - set back
    - set by
    - set down
    - set forth
    - set forward
    - set in
    - set off
    - set on
    - set out
    - set to
    - set up
    ••

    to set up home / house — зажить отдельно, своим домом

    to set one's face / countenance — придать лицу какое-л. выражение

    to set people by the ears / at variance / at loggerheads — ссорить, натравливать людей друг на друга

    to set a beggar on horseback — давать недостойному лицу преимущества, которыми он злоупотребит

    to set a finger / hand on smb. — тронуть кого-л. (пальцем); поднять на кого-л. руку; причинить кому-л. вред

    to set on foot — пустить в ход, организовать (что-л.)

    to set smb. on his / her feet — поставить кого-л. на ноги; помочь кому-л. в делах

    to set one's hopes on smb. / smth. — возлагать надежды на кого-л. / что-л.

    to set great / much store on smth. — высоко ставить что-л., глубоко ценить что-л.

    to set little store on smth. — низко ставить что-л., ни во что не ставить, не ценить что-л.

    to set smb. in mind of smb. / smth. — напомнить кому-л. о ком-л. / чём-л.

    This man will never set the Thames on fire. — Этот человек пороха не выдумает.

    - set one's mind on smth.
    - set smb.'s back up
    - set right
    - set straight
    - set the seal on smth.     2. сущ.
    1)
    а) комплект, набор; коллекция

    chemistry set — набор для детей "Юный химик"

    a set of false teeth — вставная челюсть, вставные зубы

    to break (up) a set — разрознить, нарушить комплект

    A complete set of Balzac's works, twenty-seven volumes. — Полное собрание сочинений Бальзака в двадцати семи томах.

    He perused the antiquated sets of newspapers. — Он внимательно читал подшивки старых газет.

    2)
    а) ряд, серия

    a set of notions — совокупность понятий, свод понятий

    б) мат.; лог. множество
    3)
    а) компания, круг, общество; неодобр. клика

    He got in with a wild set at college. — В колледже он попал в дурную компанию

    б) банда, шайка

    She's in the top set for French. — Она попала в группу самых успевающих по французскому языку.

    4)
    а) иск.; = setting декорации
    Syn:
    б) кино съёмочная площадка

    The cast must all be on (the) set by 7 in the morning. — Актёры должны быть на съёмочной площадке не позднее семи часов утра.

    5) сет (в теннисе, волейболе)
    6)
    б) серия песен или композиций, исполняемых музыкантом или группой во время концерта ( в джазе и поп-музыке)

    television / TV set — телевизор

    A shampoo and set costs £15. — Шампунь и укладка стоят 15 фунтов.

    9)
    а) очертания, линии ( тела); черты ( лица)

    He admired the set of her shoulders. — Он любовался изгибом её плеч.

    Her eyes still seemed to be closed, but there were subtle differences in the set of her face. — Её глаза были по-прежнему закрыты, но в чертах лица можно было заметить небольшую перемену.

    б) посадка; расположение

    I don't like the set of his coat. — Мне не нравится, как на нём сидит пальто.

    10)
    а) направление (течения, ветра)

    A feather will show you the direction of the wind; a straw will prove the set of a current. — Перо укажет вам направление ветра, а соломинка – направление течения.

    б) склонность, тенденция
    Syn:
    в) психол. настрой, направленность, установка

    Danger arouses a set of the nervous system towards escape. — Опасность вызывает установку нервной системы на избежание угрозы.

    11) поэт. заход, закат (о небесных светилах; употребляется только в ед. ч.)

    the set of day — конец дня, время захода солнца

    12)
    а) саженец; черенок
    б) клубни, посадочный материал
    13) = sett II
    14) = sett I
    15) стр. схватывание, затвердевание ( цемента)

    to take a set — затвердеть, схватиться

    Removal of water results in the time of set being reduced. — Удаление воды приводит к тому, что время затвердевания сокращается.

    16)
    а) тех. развод зубьев пилы; ширина развода
    б) полигр. ширина знака
    ••
    3. прил.
    1)
    а) (заранее) установленный, определённый; назначенный, намеченный

    There's no set time limit on this. — Время исполнения этой работы жёстко не ограничено.

    Each person was given set jobs to do. — Каждому человеку были поручены (чётко) определённые задачи.

    Syn:
    б) фиксированный, установленный (о доходах, ценах)
    Syn:
    в) твёрдый, устойчивый, неизменный (о мнениях, суждениях и т. п.)

    set ideas / opinions / views — неизменные, косные представления, мнения, взгляды

    set expressions — устойчивые выражения, речевые клише

    to be set in one's ways — быть твёрдым в своих убеждениях, взглядах

    As people get older, they get set in their ways. — С годами люди приобретают твёрдые взгляды и неизменные привычки, становятся менее гибкими.

    Our religious system has no set form of liturgy. — Наша религиозная система не имеет установленной формы церковной службы.

    Syn:
    г) брит. предлагаемый по фиксированной цене и имеющий ограниченный ассортимент ( о еде в отелях и ресторанах)

    set lunch / dinner — обед по фиксированной цене ( с ограниченным выбором блюд)

    set menu — меню блюд, предлагаемых по фиксированной цене

    2) брит. обязательный ( об учебном материале)

    set book / text — обязательная книга / обязательный текст ( для прочтения к экзамену)

    3)
    а) разг. ((up)on / for) готовый, полный решимости, горящий желанием (сделать что-л.)

    Nina's set on going to the party. — Нина твёрдо решила пойти на вечеринку.

    Be set to leave by 10 o'clock. — Приготовьтесь отправляться в десять часов.

    All set, boys? Let's go. — Всё готово, ребята? Пошли.

    John is set on playing football for England. — Джон твёрдо решил, что будет выступать в английской национальной сборной по футболу.

    Syn:
    б) ( against) = dead set решительно настроенный против (чего-л.)

    Why are you so dead set against the idea? — Почему ты принимаешь эту идею в штыки? / Почему ты так сопротивляешься этой идее?

    в) уст. твёрдый, упорный; упрямый

    "You are a terribly set person," she said, after she had consented to let him have his own way. — "Ты ужасно упрямый человек", - сказала она, согласившись с его условиями.

    Syn:
    4)
    а) неподвижный, застывший (о лице, улыбке)

    His face took on a set expression. — Его лицо приняло застывшее выражение.

    Syn:

    "Damn you," he said through set teeth. — "Чтоб тебя!" - процедил он сквозь зубы.

    5) встроенный, вделанный, укреплённый
    Syn:
    6) уст. тщательно обдуманный, намеренный, умышленный

    He did it of set purpose. — Он сделал это умышленно.

    Syn:
    7) уст. формальный, официальный

    It is not a set party, but one without full dress or ceremony. — Это будет неофициальный приём без парадной одежды и церемоний.

    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > set

  • 19 within

    [wɪˈðɪn]
    come within подпадать под to come within the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции; to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона within внутренняя сторона; the door opens from within дверь открывается изнутри within prep в, внутри; within the building внутри дома; hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда within уст. внутри; to stay within оставаться дома; is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? within prep в, в пределах; within sight в пределах видимости; it is true within limits до известной степени верно within уст. внутри; to stay within оставаться дома; is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? within уст. внутри; to stay within оставаться дома; is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? within prep в, внутри; within the building внутри дома; hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда within prep в, в пределах; within sight в пределах видимости; it is true within limits до известной степени верно within внутренняя сторона; the door opens from within дверь открывается изнутри within уст. внутри; to stay within оставаться дома; is Mrs. Jones within? дома миссис Джоунз? within prep не далее (как), не позднее; в течение; within a year в течение года; через год within prep не далее (как), не позднее; в течение; within a year в течение года; через год within prep в, в пределах; within sight в пределах видимости; it is true within limits до известной степени верно within prep в, внутри; within the building внутри дома; hope sprang up within him у него появилась надежда

    English-Russian short dictionary > within

  • 20 restrict

    rɪsˈtrɪkt гл. ограничивать (в пределах чего-л.) to restrict to a diet ≈ посадить на диету His power was restricted within narrow limits. ≈ Его полномочия были очень ограничены. Certain information is restricted to government officials. ≈ Доступ к определенной информации разрешен только представителям правительства. Syn: confine;
    limit, bound ограничивать - to * smb.'s freedom ограничить чью-л. свободу - the trees *ed our vision за деревьями нам было плохо видно - his power was *ed within narrow limits его права строго ограничены - in some countries the consumption of alcohol is *ed by law в некоторых странах закон ограничивает потребление алкоголя (to) держать в определенных пределах;
    сводить к чему-л. - to * one's speech to two points ограничить свое выступление двумя вопросами - to * to a diet посадить на диету - he is *ed to six cigarettes a day ему разрешают только шесть сигарет в день (биохимия) рестрикт (участок ДНК, расщепленный под действием рестриктазы) restrict держать в определенных пределах ~ ограничивать;
    заключать (в пределы) ;
    to restrict to a diet посадить на диету ~ ограничивать ~ ограничивать;
    заключать (в пределы) ;
    to restrict to a diet посадить на диету

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > restrict

Страницы

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